Which of the following is NOT one of the tips for improving subsystem integration?

The option indicating "Strict hierarchies" is not considered a tip for improving subsystem integration because effective integration typically favors flexibility, collaboration, and open communication rather than rigid hierarchies. In systems where subsystems must work together seamlessly, promoting a culture of teamwork and adaptability is essential. This often involves breaking down silos and encouraging interactions among various parts of the organization, which strict hierarchies tend to inhibit.

In contrast, rules and procedures, planning, and liaison roles contribute positively to subsystem integration by establishing clear guidelines for interaction, defining responsibilities, and facilitating communication between different teams or departments. These elements help ensure that all subsystems understand their roles and how they contribute to the overall system, leading to improved synergy and success in achieving project goals.