What forms of waste are identified by Ohno in manufacturing?

The forms of waste identified by Taiichi Ohno in manufacturing primarily focus on streamlining processes and eliminating inefficiencies in order to enhance productivity. The correct answer includes over production, excess inventory, long setup times, and rework, which are key elements of the 'Seven Wastes' framework introduced by Ohno in Lean manufacturing.

Overproduction occurs when the production of goods exceeds demand, leading to excess inventory and wasted resources. Excess inventory ties up capital and requires additional storage and handling, which can lead to further inefficiencies. Long setup times refer to the time taken to prepare equipment or processes for production, which can disrupt workflow and delay output. Rework involves correcting defects or errors, which not only consumes time and resources but also signifies a failure in the initial process.

Other options contain elements that are relevant to waste in different contexts but do not align as directly with Ohno’s original categorization of waste in manufacturing. For example, while defects and waiting time are indeed forms of waste, they are not included in Ohno’s specific classifications that focus primarily on operational inefficiencies. Understanding these specific categories is critical for implementing Lean principles and effectively reducing waste in manufacturing environments.